BHENDI (Abelomoschus esculentus L)

Bhendi is cultivated in an area of 3,686 hectares through out the state for its immature fruits which are used as vegetable. The stems of the crop is used in paper industry and also for the extraction of fibre. Climate The Bhendi is a warm season crop and is cultivated through out the State. Chilled and frost weather not suitable. The seeds do not germinate when there is a continuous cold spell. Soils It can be grown in all types of soils, but grows best in friable, well drained soils. Season The rainy season crop is sown in June-July and the summer crop is sown in February-March. The growth being restricted in summer season the seeds are to be sown at a closer spacing. Varieties PUSA SAWANI It is major cultivable in our State. It is vigorous non-branching palmately lobed leaves; moderately tolerant to yellow vein mosaic disease (YVMV). Fruits are 15-20 cm long 4-5 ridges duration is 85-90 days. PARABHANI KRANTI It is a widely adopted variety highly resistant to yellow vein mosaic. Released from Marathwada Agricultural University leaves are dark green . Smooth, thin, long, five ridged. LAM HYBRID SEL-1(HARITA) Developed by ANGRAU and released for cultivation in the state during 1983. Plant height 120-150cm With occasional branching tendency. Fruits are slender, long, green and five reidged. Tolerant to yellow Vein mosaic virus(YVMV). JANARDHAN It was released by ANGRAU. The plant is vigorous, branching. Fruits are small 6-8 cm long suitable for canning and export. Tolerant to yellow vein mosaic. Name of the Pests/Diseases Symptoms of damage Control measures PESTS Bhendi shoot and fruit Bores-(Movva Mariyu Kaya toluchu purugu) Earias vittella E.insulana The infected shoot and fruit is plugged with excreta. The effected shoots and fruits should be clipped along with the insect.Spray quinalphous 0.05%(2ml/lit) or Carbaryl twice at 0.15% 3g/lit orMonocrotophos 0.05% i.e., 1.5ml/lit water. Bhendi jassids (Deepapu purugulu) Sundapteryx biguttula biguttula Both nymphs and adults suck the sap. Hopper burn symptom is noticed. Spray Malathion 0.15% i.e 3 ml/lit of water. Red mites (Erra Nalli) Centrococcus insolitus It is a problem in summer crop.It affects the crop by sucking the sap. Spray Dicofol 0.036% 2 ml/lit or Wettable sulphur 0.15% 3 g/lit. DISEASES Powdery mildew (Budida Telugu) Erisihe cichoracearum Greyish powdery growth on either side of leaves. Spray Wettable Sulphur 3 g/litre or Karathane 1 ml/lit. Yellow vein Mosaic or Vein clearing disease (Pallaku Telugu) The disease is characterised by yellowing of veins and veinlets of the leaves. In severe infestations, the younger leaves turn yellow, become reduced in size and the plants are stunted. If the srop is affected at harvesting stage, the fruits become small and whittish in color. Control insect vector population by suitable insecticide spray. Seeds and Sowing The seed rate for summer crop is 18-20kg/ha whereas for rainy season crop, it can be reduced to 12-15 kg/ha. The soil is ploughed thoroughly 4-5 times to get a fine tilth. The seeds may be dibbled on ridges in kharif at 60cm spacing between ridges and 20 cm within the rows, whereas in summer the seeds can be sown in at lf beds at 45 cm in between row and 15-20 cm within rows. Irrigate the field immediately after sowing and again 4-5 days after sowing. Manures and Fertilizers About 30 tons of farmyard manure per hectare should be applied two weeks before sowing and 50kg each of p2o5 and k2o per hectare incorporated in the soil at the time of final ploughing, 100kg of nitrogen/ha is applied 1/3 as basal and the remaining 2/3 in two split doses at 30th and 45th day. Irrigation The crop should be irrigated every fifth or sixth day during summer and whenever required rainy season. Intercultivation 6The crop should be weeded regularly and earthing up in rows should be done especially during rainy season. Harvesting Harvesting of fruits commences from 40-45 days and the fruits are continuously harvested every second or third day. The best time of picking is 6-7 days after the opening of flowers. If the harvesting is delayed, the fruits become fibrous and loose the market value. Yield The yield vary from 5-6 tons/ha in summer to 8-10 tons/ha in rainy season. The average seed yield is 12 q/ha.

BRINJAL (Solanum melongena L.)

It is one of the most common vegetables grown throughout the Country. This can be grown successfully under the climatic conditions prevailing in South India and the Deccan Plateau. It comes up well even in hilly regions where the temperature do not come down below 5 C. In Andhra Pradesh it is cultivated in an Area of 3000 hectares with annual production of 84,430 tons. It is rich in Vitamin A and B. Seasons It can be grown inplains throughout the year but rabi season is the best. Rainy Season - June - July Winter Season - October - November Summer Season - February - March SOILS A well drained soil with medium to high fertility is best suited. Varieties BHAGMATI It was released by APAU. It is freely branching , erect type compact in habit. The emerging leaves are Purple in color , with slightly purple stem. Fairly resistant to fruit borer and little leaf virus. Fruits are borne in clusters of 3-6 , deep purple with oblong shape and without spines. It comes to harvest in about 45-50 Days after planting. Duration of the crop is 140-160 days. This variety withstands better for drought. Also performs better in upland rainfed cultivation. Yields range from 30-35 tons/ha. PUSA PURPLE CLUSTER Crop comes to harvest in 65-75 days, tall, erect, compact habit. Leaves and stem are purple. Fruits borne in clusters of 3-6 fruits deep pirple oval shape, 10-12 cm long. Heavy yielder 30-40 tons/ha. Resistant to bacterial wilt. Duration is 135-140 days. PUSA PURPLE LONG It is an early variety. Comes to harvest in about 45 days after planting . Semi erect habit, medium height, leaves and stem are green in colour, spines are absent. The leaves are with cut edges. Fruits long, purple, glossy, 25-30 cm long. PUSA PURPLE ROUND Tall, erect, and sturdy in habit. Leaves and stems are dark green colour and without spines. Leaves are with entire margin. Fruits round weighing 130-150gm purple glossy, smooth and large. Resistant to litle leaf disease; 135-150 days duration ; yields moderate i.e., 20-25 tons/ha. PUSA KRANTI Tall, vigorous and sturdy in habit, leaves and stem are mild green. Spines are absent . Fruits oblong purple with shining gloomy appearance with attractive green calyx. Fruits are borne in singles, medium to large in size heavy yielder 35-40 tons/ha. Duration is 135-150 days . ARKA SHEEL The fruits are medium long tender and possess an attractive deep purple skin colour. The fruit contains more edible flesh and less number of seeds. It is a very high yielding and produces on an average 394q/ha in 110 to 120 days after tranplanting. ARKA KUSUMAKAR The fruits are small finger shaped and light green in color. The fruits are borne in clusters of 5-7. It is a very high yielding and dwarf plant bears about 70-75 fruits per plant with an average yield of 397 q/ha in about 110 to 120 days after transplanting. Seeds and Sowing 650 g/ha or nursery of 25-30 beds of the size 1x4 m would be adequate to transplant one hectare. The seedlings with 3-4 leaves which are approximately 30-35 days old should be transplanted with a spacing of 50x50cm. Or 75x50cm. Plant Protection Name of the Pests/Diseases Symptoms of damage Control measures PESTS Epilachana beetles (Akshintala Purugu) octopunctata E.dodecastigma Both adults and grubs skeletonize the leaves which present a lace like appearance. These leaves dry up and plant presents an unhealthy appearance. Spray of Malathion 0.16% @ 3 ml per water of Methyl parathion 0.03% @ 1ml per lit.of water. @ 1ml per lit.of water. Brijal shoot and fruit Borer(Muvva Mariyu Kaya Toluchu Purugu) Leucinodes orbonalis In nursery no damage is done by this tranplanted seedlings. They wither and tranplanted seedlings. They wither and droop. At fruiting stage fruits are bored. They form galleries. They form galleries. 3 sprayingsof Carbaryl 50% w.p.2.5 g or Monocrotophos @ 1.25 ml per lit of Water .A safe period of 10 days should Water .A safe period of 10 days should Be maintained between spraying and Harvest. Brinjal mealy bug (pindi Purugu) Centrococcus insolitus Stunted growth of plant. Plants appear as though covered with white wash. Malathion 0.15% @ 3 ml/lit of water Or Monocrotophaos @ 0.4% 1.25 ml lit of water. Brinjal mite (Doma) Tetranychus telarius Leaves present a blotching appearance, become whitish and brown patches develop. Spray Wettable Sulphur @ 3 to 5 g/lit or Dicofol @ 2.7 ml/lit of water or dust. Sulphur @ 20 to 25 kg/ha. DISEASES Early blight (Akumadu Tegulu) Alternaria solani Scattered dark brown spots on leaflets showing concentric rings may cover large areas of the leaf blade. Severely affected leaves may drop off. The infected fruits turn yellow and drop off Prematurely. Spray with Bordeaux mixture 5:5:50 or Zineb 0.25%. Little leaf (Verri Tegulu) Mycoplasma like Organisms Affected plants produce tiny leaves, which are pale green in color. Plants become bushy due to stimulation of axillary buds in to numerous shoots of small leaves . Flowers are virescent and Sterile. Rouge out diseased plants. Spray any insecticide to control the vector. Mosaic Virus (Virus Tegulu) Infected plants show malformation and yellowing of leaves, stunted growth and some times show concentric rings on the leaf lamina. Infected plants bear less number of flowers and fruits. Rouge out diseased plants. Spray insecticides to control the vector. Manures and Fertilizers A basal dressing of 60kg of p2o5 and k2o are to be applied/ha in the last ploughing. Application of farmyard manure upto 25 tons/ha is desirable. 100kg of Nitrogen per hectare is to be applied in three split doses at 30th, 60th and 75th day after planting. Interculture Weeding, Hoeing and earthing up is to be done along with fertilization. Irrigation The crop requires adequate moisture during the first 70 days . It can withstand drought later to some extent and still revivie upon the soil moisture. In summer interval of 4-5 days and in winter 7-10 days. Harvesting The harvesting starts from 50th day onwards and continues for 50 days in the first phase and a second phase can be obtained after 20-25 days if adequate nutrition and irrigation are provided. The crop can be removed after 110 days if the 2nd flush is not desired, otherwise it can be retained for 150-160 days. The size of the fruit reduces during the summer. The calyx is purple blue and is soft and edible too. During summer the calyx tends to become green.

TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum)

It is the worlds largest vegetable crop after and sweet potato. It is the one of the most important protective foods. It is cultivated in 26,768 hectares with anestimated annual production of 2.54 lakh tonnes in Andhrapradesh. CLIMATE It is mostly grown as winter vegetable, it cannot tolerate high temperatures and heavy rainfall conditions. In summer it is also grown around Madanapally, Palamaneru areas of Chittor district and in Arakuvally areas of Vishakapatnam district. SOILS It is successfully grown as winter in almost all types of soils ranging from sandy loams to heavy clay soils and also during the onset of monsoon in kharif in light soils of Telengana as rainfed crop. Varieties PUSA RUBY Suitable for cultivation in our State. Determinate and erect in nature. It comes to fruiting in about 60-65 days after transplanting. Fruits are mediumsized, uniform red ,oblate with deeper furrows than Pusa Early Dwarf. Crop duration about 130-135, with 30tons/ha yield. PUSA EARLY DWARF Suitable for cultivation in our State. Earlier than Ruby, comes to harvest in 60 days after planting. It is dwarf but branches freely, fruits are medium in size with slight furrows, uniform red smooth and slightly larger fruits than Pusa Ruby and withstands better to rains. Crop duration is 125-130 days. Yield about 30 tons/ha. PUSA SELECTION - 4 Released from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Tall and moderately sturdy plants.Fruits medium in size and round, attractive red color. Crop duration is about 140-150 days, yield 35-40 tons/ha. PKM-1 Released from Tamil Nadu. Plant small in size; more number of plants can be tranplanted per acre.Suitable for cultivation in all seasons. Duration 135 days, yields 32 tons/ha. ARKA SAURABH The plants are semi-determinate in growth habit, bearing firm fleshy fruits of deep red color, each weighing on an average 70g. It is a dual purpose variety suited both for fresh market and processing into juice and ketchup. It is resistant to fruit cracking and produce 35 tons/ha in 105/110 days after transplanting. ARKA VIKAS This variety was developed from an American variety Tiptop. The plants are semi-determinate bearing oblate fruits weighing 80-85g. Fruits are attractive, red, ripening uniformly. Suitable for fresh market. It produced 35-40 tons/ha of fruits in 105-110 days after transplanting. MAARUTAM This variety released from Tamilnadu Agricultural University, coimbatore. Plant small in size, sturdy, heavy branching with dency leaves. Suitable for all seasons. Specially recommended for summer. Fruits round medium in size. Duration 135-140 days. Yield 32-35 tons/ha. Co - 1 Released by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Determinate, freely branching habit. Fruits are medium to large, oblate to round, with slight furrows. Comes to harvest in about 65 days with a total duration of 32-35 tons/ha. Preparatory Cultivation Plough the land 4-5 times to attain a good tilth, incorporate the Farmyard manure in the last ploughing. If the crop is to be raised in kharif, prepare ridges and furrows at 60 cm spacing for convenient irrigation channel. For winter and summer crop, prepare the field into convenient beds of 4 x 5 m size. Seeds and Sowing Seed rate 500g/ha or a nursery of 25-30 beds of the size of 1x4 m would be adequate to transplant one hectare. Summer crop requires 1kg of seed/ha. Before preparing nursery beds, well decomposed farmyard manure may be applied to soil. These beds may be sprinkled with Bordeaux mixture 0.5% or Dithane Z-78 or Dithane M-45 2-3 g/lit as a prophylactic measure against damping off. Seed beds should be raised 6'' above the ground level. The seedlings with 3-4 leaves which are approximately 25-30 days old should be transplanted at 60x60 cm spacing. In summer, spacing distance changes as 45x30 or 30x30 cm based on variety soil fertility. Treat the seed, before sowing with Thiram 2-3g per one kg of seed. Manures and Fertilizers Application of farm yard manure to an extent of 20-25 tons/ha is desirable in the final ploughing. A basal dose of 60kg/ha each. Of P2O5 and K2O have to be applied and 100kg of Nitrogen is to be applied in three split doses, 30th, 45th and 60th day after transplantation. Intercultivation Weeding, hoeing and earthing up is to be done along with fertilization. Nipping of terminal shoots will improve the branching and fruit set. Stalking is prepared for the development of good size quality fruits. Apply 15 or 20mg. Parachlorophenoxy acetic acid or 2 mg . 2, 4-D per lit of water at flowering and fruit setting to avoid flower & Fruit drop to get better yield. Irrigation Irrigate the field at 7 to 10 days interval depending upon the soil moisture. In summer irrigate every 5-6 days. Harvesting Harvesting of fruits commences in about 85 to 90 days after transplantation and continues for about 45 to 60 days. Yields 30 to 40 tons/ha. Name of the Pests/Diseases Symptoms of damage Control measures PESTS Fruit Borers (Kaya Toluchu Purugu) Spodoptera litura Heliothis armigera Utetheisa pulchella This is a serious pest on tomato. caterpillar crawls over the leaves and branches of the plant and also forms holes and burrows in the fruits and destory them. Spray Carbaryl 50% w.p. 0.1% @2g per lit of water or Quinalphos (0.05%) 25% EC @ 2 ml/lit of water Epilachna beetle (Akshintala Purugu) Epilachna Vigintioctopunctata Both grubs and adults feed on the leaves. The feeding is irregular and gibes a characteristic lace-like appearance to the leaves. Spray Carbaryl 50% w.p.0.1% @ 2g per lit or water or Endosulfan (0.05%) 35% EC1.5ml per lit of water. Jassids (Pach Doma) Sundapteryx Biguttula biguttula Monocrotophos The nymphs and adults stay underneath the leaves and suck the sap, resulting the wilting up of the leaves. Spray Dimethoate(0.06%) 30% EC @ 2ml per lit of water mixed with Metasystox 25% EC or Monocrotophos @ 1.5ml per lit of water. DISEASES Damping off (Narukullu tegulu) Pythium spp The seedings are mostly attacked in the nursery bed at the ground level and as a result they topple. Treat the seed before sowing with Thiram 2-3 g/kg seed. WILT Fusarium oxysporum fsp Lycopersici (Vadalipovu Tegulu) The lower leaves become yellow and the petioles droop. The affected plants wilt and die. Use of seeds from healthy plants. Crop rotation and using resistant Varieties. Early bligh (Akumadu Tegulu) Alternaria solani Brown spots with concentric rings appear on leaves, stems as well as on fruits. In severe cases the fruits drop off and the whole Plant dries up Brown spots with concentric rings appear on leaves, stems as well as on fruits. In severe cases the fruits drop off and the whole Plant dries up Mosaic Virus (Verrikullu Tegulu) Interveinal mottling and Yellowing of the leaves with scattered patches on green areas. The leaf surface appears to be crinkled and britte. Diseased plants should be removed as and when noticed. Spray insecticides to control the insect vectors. Tomoto spotted wilt virus (Tomato Machalu Madu Virus) Bronze color markings on the upper side or young leaflets accompanied by downward curling of leaves Diseased plants should be removed as and when noticed Spray insecticides to control The insect vectors.

direct sown paddy RP BIO 226 (Improved sambamashuri) 45 DAS

RICE-LEAF FOLDER CONTROL

Select Crop	--(Select Crop)--AmaranthusAppleAswagandhaBananaBhendiBlack gramBrinjalCardamomCashewCastorChick peaChilliChrysanthemumCitrusCocoaCoconutCoffeeCorianderCottonCrossandraCruciferous vegetablesCucurbitaceous vegetablesCuminFinger milletGarlicGingerGrape vineGreen gramGroundnutGuavaJackJasmineJuteLucerneMaizeMangoMoringaMustardNeemOnionPapayaPearl milletPepperPigeon peaPine applePomegranatePotatoRiceRoseSafflowerSapotaSennaSesamumSesbaniaSorghumSoybeanSubabulSugarcaneSunflowerSunhempTeaTobaccoTomatoTurmericWheat
Report Type	--(Select Report Type)--Pest ManagementWeed ManagementNutrient Deficiency
Select Pest Category	--(Select Pest Category)--DiseasesInsectsMitesNematodes
Select Pest Name	--(Select Pest)--Brown plant hopper - Nilaparavata lugensGall midge - Orseolia oryzaeGrasshopper - Oxya nitidulaGreen leafhopper - Nepotettix nigropictus, N.cincticeps, N.virescensHispa - Dicladispa armigeraLeaf folder - Cnaphalocrocis medinalisMealy bug - Brevennia rehiRice black bug - Scotinophara luridaRice case worm - Parapoynx stagnalisRice earhead bug - Leptocorisa acutaRoot weevil - Echinocnemus oryzaeSwarming caterpillar - Spodoptera mauritiaThrips - Stenchetothrips biformisWhite leaf hopper - Cofana spectraWhorl maggot - Hydrellia sasakiiYellow stem borer - Scirpophaga incertulasZig zag leafhopper - Recilia dorsalis
Select Pest Parameter	--(Select Parameter)--BiologyDescription of the pestDestructive stageDistributionETLHostManagementNatural EnemySymptomsAll Parameters

Rice (Oryza sativa) Pest Management Distribution Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra,Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa. Host Leersia hexandra, Echinocloa colonum, Paspalum conjugatum, Ophismamenus burmanii, Oryza sativa var.fauta and Sacciolepis interrupta, Brachiaria mutica, Agropyron repens. Destructive stage Larva Description of the pest Larva is pale green transparent, actively moving caterpillar. The adult is orange brown moth with many dark wavy lines in the centre and dark band on the margin of wings. Biology The female moth lays eggs in batches of 10-12, which are arranged in linear row in the lower surface of leaves. The eggs are flat, oval in shape and yellowish white in colour. The egg period is 4-7 days. Larva is 15-20 mm long pale green transparent actively moving caterpillar. The larval period is 15-20 days. It pupates inside the leaf fold. The pupa is greenish brown. The pupal period is 6-8 days. Total life cycle: 25-35 days. Symptoms The caterpillar folds the leaves longitudinally and remains inside. It scrapes the green tissues of the leaves with in the field and makes them white and dry. Gradually the leaves dry up and change brown. During severe infestation the whole field exhibits scorched appearance. ETL 10% damaged leaves - Vegetative stage, 5% damaged leaves (Flag leaf) - Flowering stage. Management Use resistant varieties like TNAU LFR 831311, Cauveri, Akash, TKM-6, and IET 7511, IET 9225 and IET 9797. Clipping of affected leaves reduces the pest population. Keep the bunds clean by trimming them and remove the grassy weeds. Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizer. Set up light traps to attack and kill the moths. Release Trichogramma chilonis on 37, 44 and 51 DAT thrice followed by three sprays of monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1000 ml/ha on 58, 65 and 72 DAT. The application of indoxacarb @ 30g a.i per ha is effective against leaf folder. Spray neem seed kernel extract 5% @ 25 kg (or) fenifrothion 50 EC 1.01 (or) phasalone 35 EC 1.5 l (or) chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1.25 l/ha. Natural Enemy Egg parasitoids:Trichogramma japonicum, Trichogramma sp., Copidosomopsis nacolidae, Metioche vitticolis. Larval parasitoids: Goniozus triangulifer, Cotesia cypris, C.rufierus, Temelucha philippinesis, Macrocentrus philippinesis, Cardiochiles philippinesis, Trichogramma naphalocrosis, Blepharipa sp.,Theocarcelia oroulta. Pupal parasitoids: Xanthopimpla flvolineata, Tetrastichus ayyari, Brachymeria albotibialis, Charops bicolor, Ishnojoppa luteator. Predator: Conocephalus lividipennis, Paederus fuscipes (Staphylinidae), Ophionia indica (Carabidae), Andrallus spinidens. Pathogens: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium sp., Fusarium sp., Nomuraea sp., Zoophthora radicans Paecilomyces sp., Entomophthora sp., Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Granulosis virus.

rice-BPH

Select Crop	--(Select Crop)--AmaranthusAppleAswagandhaBananaBhendiBlack gramBrinjalCardamomCashewCastorChick peaChilliChrysanthemumCitrusCocoaCoconutCoffeeCorianderCottonCrossandraCruciferous vegetablesCucurbitaceous vegetablesCuminFinger milletGarlicGingerGrape vineGreen gramGroundnutGuavaJackJasmineJuteLucerneMaizeMangoMoringaMustardNeemOnionPapayaPearl milletPepperPigeon peaPine applePomegranatePotatoRiceRoseSafflowerSapotaSennaSesamumSesbaniaSorghumSoybeanSubabulSugarcaneSunflowerSunhempTeaTobaccoTomatoTurmericWheat
Report Type	--(Select Report Type)--Pest ManagementWeed ManagementNutrient Deficiency
Select Pest Category	--(Select Pest Category)--DiseasesInsectsMitesNematodes
Select Pest Name	--(Select Pest)--Brown plant hopper - Nilaparavata lugensGall midge - Orseolia oryzaeGrasshopper - Oxya nitidulaGreen leafhopper - Nepotettix nigropictus, N.cincticeps, N.virescensHispa - Dicladispa armigeraLeaf folder - Cnaphalocrocis medinalisMealy bug - Brevennia rehiRice black bug - Scotinophara luridaRice case worm - Parapoynx stagnalisRice earhead bug - Leptocorisa acutaRoot weevil - Echinocnemus oryzaeSwarming caterpillar - Spodoptera mauritiaThrips - Stenchetothrips biformisWhite leaf hopper - Cofana spectraWhorl maggot - Hydrellia sasakiiYellow stem borer - Scirpophaga incertulasZig zag leafhopper - Recilia dorsalis
Select Pest Parameter	--(Select Parameter)--BiologyDescription of the pestDestructive stageDistributionETLHostManagementNatural EnemySymptomsAll Parameters

Rice (Oryza sativa) Pest Management Distribution Orissa, Kerala, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Host Leersia hexandra. Destructive stage Nymph and adult. Description of the pest Eggs are covered by the dome shaped egg plug secreted by the female. Only the tip of the eggs protrude from outside. The newly hatched nymph is cottony white and turns purple brown within an hour. The nymphs are white to strongly mottled dark grey or black and white in colour. The brown plant hopper has a brown body and chestnut brown eyes. Adult measures about 4 - 4.5 mm in length. It can fly a long distance drifting with the wind. Adults are of two forms viz., Macropterous (long winged) and brachypterous (truncate winged). Biology The brachypterous female makes an incision in the leaf sheath and inserts 200-300 small eggs. Egg period is 6 days; Nymphal period is 15 days. Adult longevity is 18-20 days. Symptoms Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant above the water level and suck the sap from the tillers. The affected plant dries up and gives a scorched appearance called “hopper burn”. Circular patches of drying and lodging of matured plant are typical symptoms caused by this pest. It is vector of grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt diseases. ETL 10 insects per hill at vegetative stage or 20 insects /hill at later stages. Management Use resistant varieties like Aruna, Karnataka, Karthika, Krishnaveni, Makon, Abhay, Asha, Divya, Py 3, Co 42, Ptb 33 and Ptb 21. Avoid close planting and provide 30 cm rogue spacing at every 2.5 m to reduce the pest incidence. Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers. Control irrigation by intermittent draining. Set up light traps to monitor pest population and to control. Release of natural enemies like Lycosa pseudoannulata, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Avoid use of insecticides causing resurgence such as synthetic pyrethroids, methyl parathion, fenthion and quinalphos. Drain the water before the use of insecticides and direct the spray towards the base of the plants. Spray methyl demeton 25 EC 1000 ml (or) acephate 75 SP 625 gm (or) chlorpyriphos 25 EC 1250 ml (or) dichlorvos 76 WSC 350 ml/ha. Spray neem seed kernel extract 5% (25 kg/ha) (or) neem oil 2% (10 l/ha). Natural Enemy Egg parasitoids: Anagrus sp, Gonatocerus sp., Oligosita spp ., Nymphal/adult parasitoids: Haplogonatopus sp., Ecthrodelphax fairchildii., Elenchus sp (Sterpsiptera), Hexamermis sp (Mermithid). Predators:Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Coccinella arcuata, Micraspis sp., Harmonia ctomaculata, C.rependa, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Brumoides suturalis, Microvelia douglasi atrolineata, Pseudogonatopus sp., Ophionea nigrofasciata, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Tetragnatha maxillosa, Argiope sp, Araneus sp, Oxyopes sp., Atypena formosana., Conocephalus longipennis, Agriocnemis pygmaea. Pathogens: Entomophthora spp, Fusarium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Metarhizium spp, Beauveria bassiana, B.brongniartii.

PESTS OF CHILLIES

PESTS OF CHILLIES
CHILLI THRIPS
Scirtothrips dorsalis
Caliothrips indicus
Frankliniella sulphurea
Thripidae: Thysanoptera
S. dorsalis is found in almost all chilly growing areas. It is a
polyphagus pest. Besides chilli, it also infests brinjal, cotton, groundnut,
castor, bottlegourd, guava, tea and grapevine. It is more common on unirrigated
chilli crop than irrigated one.
They are s lender, tiny, straw coloured insects with fringed wings.
A female adult inserts 40-48 white, minute eggs into veins.
Both nymphs and adults lacerate the leaf tissues and suck the oozing
sap, sometimes even the buds and flowers are attacked. Generally they
attack tender leaves and growing shoots. Rarely the older leaves are
attacked. Their damage results in
v The infested leaves curling upward, crumbling and shedding
v Infested buds turning brittle with petiole becoming brown and dropping
down.
v Affected fruits showing light brown scars.
Pest infestation is severe in dry weather. The damage ranges
between 30-50%.
One life cycle is completed on an average in 2- 2.5 weeks. There are
about 25 generations in a year. Reproduction in thrips is generally sexual,
parthenogenesis is also present.
MANAGEMENT
· Seed treatment with imidacloprid @ 3 -5 g/kg of seed.
· Foliar spraying with carbaryl 3g/l or phosalone 3ml/l or acephate 1 g/l
or fipronil 2 ml/l or spinosad 0.3 ml/l or diafenthiuron 1.2 g/l so as to
wet the undersurface of the leaves.
· Application of fipronil 0.3G 8 kg/acre at 15 and 45 days after
transplanting.
CHLLI POD BORERS
Spodoptera litura,S. exigua
Helicoverpa armigera; Noctuidae
Utetheisa pulchella; Arctiidae
Lepidoptera
Feeding by S. litura, S. exigua leads to irregular holes on the leaves
and fruits. Affected pods turn whitish and dry up. In fruits, seeds are also
eaten. Attack of H.armigera leads to round hole on fruits. In addition to
these borers, sometimes U. pulchella also feeds on the pericarp leaving
the seed intact. Ladder like marks are seen on chilli pod due to U.
pulchella . Their detailed history can be is given under pests of cotton and
millets (S. exigua ).
MANAGEMENT
1. Deep summer ploughing.
2. Monitoring with pheromone traps @ 4/acre
3. Raising trap crops like castor (S. litura ), marigold (H.armigera).
4. Spraying with SNPV/HaNPV at 250LE/acre in the evening.
5. Spraying novuluron 1.0 ml/l or diflubenzuron 1.0 g/l controls just
hatched larvae.
6. Foliar spraying of thiodicarb 1.0 g/l or acephate 1.5 g/l or chlorpyriphos
2.5 ml/l or spinosad 0.3ml/l or quinalphos 2 ml/l.
7. Poison baiting with rice bran 5 kg + chlorpyriphos 500 ml or carbaryl
500g + jaggery 500 g with water in the form of small balls in the
evening hours.
CHILLI APHIDS
Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae
Aphididae: Hemiptera
They are polyphagous pests. Cloudy weather is very favorable for
multiplication of aphids. Heavy rains cause reduction in their population.
Adults are found in large numbers on the undersurface of leaves and
growing shoots of plants.
Both nymphs and adults suck sap and also excrete honeydew on
which black sooty mould develops affecting photosynthetic activity thus it
causing
v Retardation in growth and fruiting capacity of the plant.
v Sooty mould
Foliar spray with methyl demeton 1 ml/l or acephate 1.5 g/l is
effective.
CHILLI MITES
Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Tarsonemus translucens
Tarsonemidae
Tetranychus cinnabarinus
Tetranychidae: Acarina
A minor pest emerged as a major pest in recent past. The
infestation starts in the nursery after 40 days of germination. Severe
infestation is seen in transplanted crop of 2-3 months old. The tiny white
transparent mites are found in large numbers on the undersurface of
leaves under fine webs. Both nymphs and adults suck sap and devitalize
the plant causing ‘Murda’ disease of chillies. Infestation results in
v Downward curling of leaves,
v The affected leaves becoming inverted boat shaped,
v The leaves rolling down along the margin with elongation of petioles.
v Affected leaves turning dark green in certain cases.
v Younger leaves at the tip of branch clustering.
MANAGEMENT
· Foliar spraying of dicofol 5ml/l or wettable sulphur 3g/l.
· Synthetic pyrethroids not to be used.
· If both thrips and mites are noticed, spraying phosalone 3ml/l or
diafenthiuron 1.5 g /l or chlorfenapyr 2 ml/l.
CHILLI BLOSSOM MIDGE
Asphondylia capsici
Cecidomyiidae: Diptera
Fly is dark reddish brown mosquito like midge that lays eggs in
flower buds. Maggot is tiny pale orange colored and feeds on the floral
parts leading to poor development of fruits. The ovary is distorted into gall
like structure of varied shape.
Foliar spray with triazophos 2 ml/l or carbosulfan 2 ml/l followed by
chlorpyriphos 2.0 ml/l one week later is found effective.